Which specific toxicological outcomes are known to result from ingesting aristolochic acid?

Answer

Nephrotoxic effects leading to kidney failure and carcinogenic effects resulting in urothelial cancer

The documented danger of ingesting aristolochic acid involves two major systemic threats. First, it is nephrotoxic, meaning it specifically targets the kidneys, and documented cases of severe health outcomes include rapid onset of kidney failure. Second, the compound is carcinogenic, establishing a risk for cancer development; specifically, ingestion has been linked historically to urothelial cancer. Because of this duality—direct kidney toxicity and long-term cancer risk—even small amounts of the *Asarum* plant are considered concerning, prompting major health organizations to issue strong warnings against its use.

Which specific toxicological outcomes are known to result from ingesting aristolochic acid?
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