Which chemical reaction type breaks down a molecule often accelerated by extremes in pH?

Answer

Hydrolysis

Hydrolysis is one of the key reaction types classified under chemical incompatibilities. This process fundamentally involves the breakdown of a larger molecule into smaller parts through the incorporation of water. In pharmaceutical chemistry, the rate at which hydrolysis occurs is highly dependent on environmental factors, most notably the acidity or alkalinity of the surrounding medium. Extremes in pH—either strongly acidic or strongly basic conditions—can significantly accelerate the rate of hydrolysis, causing rapid degradation of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). This degradation proceeds without necessarily producing visible signs, meaning the solution may appear clear and stable while the drug's potency is rapidly diminishing over time, potentially leading to therapeutic failure upon administration.

Which chemical reaction type breaks down a molecule often accelerated by extremes in pH?

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